Pensionskassenmodelle im Ueberblick

Pensionskassenmodelle im Ueberblick 1 Einleitung - ProblemstellungZiel dieser Arbeit ist es, Pensionskassen und Pensionskassenmodelle im nationalen und internationalen Kontext zu definieren und zu erlÂÆ' ¤utern.Die Frage, warum diese Art der Zusatzpension ÂÆ' ¼berhaupt notwendig ist, erklÂÆ' ¤rt sich mit dem starken Wandel der demographischen Strukturen in der europÂÆ' ¤ischen Union. Das VerhÂÆ' ¤ltnis zwischen Rentnern und ErwerbstÂÆ' ¤tigen verschlechtert sich stÂÆ' ¤ndig, wodurch in vielen LÂÆ' ¤ndern zwangslÂÆ' ¤ufig massive Probleme in der Finanzierung ihrer Altersvorsorge auftreten.Um dies besser verstehen zu kÂÆ' ¶nnen, wird als erstes ein geschichtlicher ÂÆ'ÂÅ"berblick ÂÆ' ¼ber die Systeme der Alterssicherung gegeben. Dieser zeigt auch, wie spÂÆ' ¤t die Entwicklung der Pensionskassen und somit die StÂÆ' ¤rkung der betrieblichen Altersvorsorge in ÂÆ'sterreich erst stattgefunden hat. Danach werden MÂÆ' ¶glichkeiten der betrieblichen Altersvorsorge vorgestellt und vonei nander abgegrenzt.Da Pensionskassen soziale Einrichtungen sind, gibt es fÂÆ' ¼r sie eine Reihe von steuerlichen Vorteilen. Auf diese wird im Laufe dieser Arbeit eingegangen, ebenso auf die ÂÆ'„nderungen, die durch die PKG-Novelle 2003 in Kraft getreten sind.Zehn Jahre MetallRente - Schon frà ¼h fà ¼rs Alter s...Um die verschiedenen Modelle und MÂÆ' ¶glichkeiten der betrieblichen Altersvorsorge erfassen zu kÂÆ' ¶nnen, ist der internationale Vergleich ein wichtiger Bestandteil dieser Arbeit. Durch ihn erhÂÆ' ¤lt man die MÂÆ' ¶glichkeit, andere Systeme der Altersvorsorge kennen zu lernen und einen Vergleich zum ÂÆ' ¶sterreichischen System aufzustellen.2 Das System der ÂÆ' ¶sterreichischen AlterssicherungDas derzeitige System der ÂÆ' ¶sterreichischen Altersvorsorge nennt man Umlageverfahren. Es funktioniert dadurch, dass jene ÂÆ'sterreicher, die berufstÂÆ' ¤tig sind und einen Lohn oder Gehalt beziehen, jeden Monat einen bestimmten Beitrag in einen Topf einzahlen. Der Inhalt dieses Topfs wird auf all jene verteilt, die aktuell Bezieher einer Pension sind.Unser Pensionssystem ist damit nicht vÂÆ' ¶llig auf einer Linie mit der Empfehlung der Weltbank, aufgrund des Wandels der demographischen Strukturen die Last der Altersvorsorge auf drei SÂÆ' ¤ulen aufzuteilen. Dieses DreisÂÆ' ¤ulenprinzip ist Bestandteil der Sozialpolitik vieler anderer Mitgliedsstaaten der EuropÂÆ' ¤ischen Union.Die erste SÂÆ' ¤ule des DreisÂÆ' ¤ulenprinzips ist die staatliche Grundpension nach dem Umlageverfahren, gleich dem...

The Battle of the Seelow Heights in World War II

The Battle of the Seelow Heights in World War II The Battle of the Seelow Heights was fought April 16-19, 1945, during World War II (1939-1945). Part of the larger Battle of the Oder-Neisse, the fighting saw Soviet forces attempting to capture Seelow Heights to the east of Berlin. Known as the Gates of Berlin, the heights were assaulted by Marshal Georgy Zhukovs 1st Belorussian Front. Lasting three days, the battle saw extremely bitter fighting as German troops sought to defend their capital. The German position was finally shattered on April 19, opening the road to Berlin. Background Since fighting began on the Eastern Front in June 1941, German and Soviet forces were engaged across the width of the Soviet Union. Having halted the enemy at Moscow, the Soviets were able to slowly push the Germans west aided by key victories at Stalingrad and Kursk. Driving across Poland, the Soviets entered into Germany and began planning for an offensive against Berlin in early 1945. In late March, Marshal Georgy Zhukov, commander of the 1st Belorussian Front, traveled to Moscow to discuss the operation with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Also present was Marshal Ivan Konev, commander of the 1st Ukrainian Front, whose men were positioned to Zhukovs south. Rivals, both men presented their prospective plans to Stalin for the capture of Berlin. Listening to both marshals, Stalin elected to back Zhukovs plan which called for an assault against the Seelow Heights from the Soviet bridgehead over the Oder River. Though he supported Zhukov, he informed Konev that 1st Ukrainian Front should be ready to strike against Berlin from the south should the 1st Belorussian Front become bogged down around the heights. With the fall of Kà ¶nigsberg on April 9, Zhukov was able to rapidly redeploy his command to a narrow front opposite the heights. This corresponded with Konev shifting the bulk of his men north to a position along the Neisse River. To support his build up in the bridgehead, Zhukov constructed 23 bridges over the Oder and operated 40 ferries. By mid-April, he had assembled 41 divisions, 2,655 tanks, 8,983 guns, and 1,401 rocket launchers in the bridgehead. German Preparations As Soviet forces massed, the defense of the Seelow Heights fell to Army Group Vistula. Led by Colonel-General Gotthard Heinrici, this formation consisted of Lieutenant General Hasso von Manteuffels 3rd Panzer Army to the north and Lieutenant General Theodor Busses 9th Army in the south. Though a sizable command, the bulk of Heinricis units were badly under strength or composed of large numbers of Volksturm militia. Colonel-General Gotthard Heinrici. Public Domain A brilliant defensive tactician, Heinrici immediately began fortifying the heights as well as constructed three defensive lines to defend the area. The second of these was located on the heights and featured a variety of heavy anti-tank weapons. To further impede a Soviet advance, he directed his engineers to open dams further up the Oder to turn the already soft floodplain between the heights and the river into a swamp. To the south, Heinricis right joined with Field Marshal Ferdinand Schà ¶rners Army Group Center. Schà ¶rners left was opposed by Konevs front. Battle of Seelow Heights Conflict: World War IIDates: April 16-19, 1945Armies Commanders:Soviet UnionMarshal Georgy Zhukovapproximately 1,000,000 menGermanyColonel-General  Gotthard Heinrici112,143 menCasualties:Soviets: approximately 30,000-33,000 killedGermans: approximately 12,000 killed The Soviets Attack At 3:00 AM on April 16, Zhukov commenced a massive bombardment of the German positions using artillery and Katyusha rockets. The bulk of this struck the first German defensive line in front of the heights. Unknown to Zhukov, Heinrici had anticipated the bombardment and had withdrawn the bulk of his men back to the second line on the heights. Surging forward a short time later, Soviet forces began moving across the inundated Oderbruch Valley. The swampy terrain, canals, and other obstructions in the valley badly impeded the advance and the Soviets soon began to take heavy losses from German anti-tank guns on the heights. With the attack bogging down, General Vasily Chuikov, commanding the 8th Guards Army, attempted to push his artillery forward to better support his men near the heights. Soviet artillery during the Battle of Seelow Heights, April 1945. Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-E0406-0022-012 / CC-BY-SA 3.0 With his plan unraveling, Zhukov learned that Konevs attack to the south was having success against Schà ¶rner. Concerned that Konev might reach Berlin first, Zhukov ordered his reserves to move forward and enter the battle in the hope that added numbers would bring a breakthrough. This order was issued without consulting Chuikov and soon the roads were jammed with 8th Guards artillery and the advancing reserves. The resulting confusion and intermixing of units led to a loss of command and control. As a result, Zhukovs men ended the first day of battle without achieving their goal of taking the heights. Reporting the failure to Stalin, Zhukov learned that the Soviet leader had directed Konev to turn north towards Berlin. Grinding Through the Defenses During the night, Soviet artillery successfully moved forward. Opening with a massive barrage on the morning of April 17, it signaled another Soviet advance against the heights. Pressing forward throughout the day, Zhukovs men began to make some headway against the German defenders. Clinging to their position, Heinrici and Busse were able to hold until nightfall but were aware that they could not maintain the heights without reinforcements. Though parts of two SS Panzer divisions were released, they would not reach Seelow in time. The German position at the Seelow Heights was further compromised by Konevs advance to the south. Attacking again on April 18, the Soviets began to push through the German lines, though at a heavy price. By nightfall, Zhukovs men had reached the final line of German defenses. Also, Soviet forces were beginning to bypass the heights to the north. Combined with Konevs advance, this action threatened to envelop the Heinricis position. Charging forward on April 19, the Soviets overwhelmed the last German defensive line. With their position shattered, German forces began retreating west towards Berlin. With the road open, Zhukov began a rapid advance on Berlin. Aftermath In the fighting at the Battle of the Seelow Heights, the Soviets sustained over 30,000 killed as well as lost 743 tanks and self-propelled guns. German losses numbered around 12,000 killed. Though a heroic stand, the defeat effectively eliminated the last organized German defenses between the Soviets and Berlin. Moving west, Zhukov and Konev encircled the German capital on April 23 and the former began the final battle for the city. Falling on May 2, World War II in Europe ended five days later.

Business driven information technoligy Term Paper

Business driven information technoligy - Term Paper Example By taking into consideration of these policies, IBM effectively secures its information assets in quite an ethical manner. The company delivers two types of services one is ‘Managed Security Services (MSS)’ and the other one is â€Å"Cloud Security Services (CSS)’. Through MSS, IBM offers ‘single management console’ by which IT department team frequently monitors its overall information infrastructure. With the help of CSS, the company provides an advanced technological platform called ‘IBM Virtual-Security Operations Centre’ by which it delivers high value services to its customers which does not require low cost security devices and maintenance (IBM, 2012). Apart from these two services, IBM also offers application & data security services, identify and access management services and IT & network infrastructure security services. With the help of these services, the company has been ethically capable to secure its information assets. S ince the initiation, IBM has followed certain business conduct guidelines in quite an ethical way by which it has been able to maintain confidentiality among its service software, application and information assets. The company ensures that every level of personnel should comply with IBM directives, polices and mentioned guidelines. For instance, employee who expertise in specific areas such as procurement, tax, imports and export must also obey certain kinds of guidelines. IBM has extensive precious assets which comprise huge proprietary information such as the company’s intellectual property, confidential information assets, system software and physical property. The company’s wide variety of services helps to strengthen its abilities in order to ethically manage, digitize and secure its valuable assets (IBM, 2012). Recommendations for Additional Types of Ethical Practices and Security By taking into concern regarding IBM’s business code of conduct, it has bee n observed that the company secures its information assets in quite an ethical manner. However, it is necessary for the company to understand employees’ issues and satisfaction levels regarding business policies and working environment. IBM should assess whether or not the employees are comfortable with the specified laws and policies. IBM’s top level must understand and analyze every employee’s issues, behaviors and attitudes towards the workplace and should justify them in quite an ethical manner. Contextually, the security issue for IBM can be strengthened further with the frequent changes in passwords by the employees related to intellectual assets of the company such as project related blueprints among others. Upgradation of security software to track malpractices such as hacking of confidential organizational data can be ensured through use of firewall and augmentation of network security. Chapter 5 Steps taken by Popular Technology Manufacturers to Reduce E-Waste ‘Electronic Waste’ or ‘E-Waste’ is one of the rapidly developing problems all over the world. E-waste primarily consists of a huge amount of various components such as toxic materials and hazardous materials among others which create undesirable impact upon human health and environment if it is not dealt with adequately. The United Nations, non-governmental organizations and private IT sector companies have agreed to take serious

Assigment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assigment - Assignment Example The worst mediator for Ego and his wife however, would probably be his wife’s mother ‘Ubara’ because mediation is undertaken by males not females and ‘Ubara’ is associated to Ego by marriage; with no historical roots the relationship is considered as feeble. The most neutral mediator for Ego would more likely be Ego’s grandfather ‘Ubandu’ because grandparents have strong joking relationships with their grandchildren and ‘Ubandu’ is the male grandparent. It would not be wise and the outcomes would probably be negative if Ego and his wife were to go to a Western marriage counselor. According to Davidheiser (2), unlike American mediation, wherein an impartial third-party mediator is usual, the Mandinka operate with a more subjective relational mediator and the Ndake would do the same. American mediators are involved with the task of sifting out the underlying causal links to the conflict, while at the same time isolating people from the problem. Ego and his wife would be subjected to the Western ideology of conflict resolution and justice, which is in complete conflict to their own. Ndake like Mandinka mediators are more concerned with social order and good relations rather than the actual conflict and its causes; they do not concern themselves with mutual benefit or objective decision making and results, preferring instead to ignore the underlying issues in favor of forgiveness and continuing relationships. In other words, the result of a western marriage counselor would be the couple going separate ways with all assets divided equally in a win-win situation; the result of a Ndake mediator would more likely be Ego and his wife staying together in happiness. Q.2 Jewish humor, founded on satire and stereotypes is ‘alive and thriving’ Berger (xxiv). It does not however, invent the stereotypes or affronts it deals out but instead takes advantage of those already in circulation by manipulat ion and exploitation (Nilsen & Nilsen). Jewish humor emanates from within and among its own people to fill intellectual, social and emotional needs by mocking themselves along with everyone else around them. Although Jewish humor may appear funny it hides cunning and sometimes ingenious stratums, which when taken apart expose deeper underlying issues. It features an irony that is exclusive to the Jewish culture and by being a part of that culture the jokes contain even further meaning. Historically, the Jewish people have used their special brand of humor to deal the lot that life has bestowed them, including the adversities of Diaspora, the Holocaust and alienation. Freud (166-67 cited in Morris) remarked on the particular humor of the Jews, making comment on their preponderance of laughing at their own deficiencies; he further claimed that such humor may be both adverse and offensive, but when used in an adverse manner it is a form of defense. Most of the stories and jokes aimed a gainst particular aspects of Jewish life in the past have been invented by Jews themselves, and because of Jewish dispersion they have endured generations of marginalization and have thus a different view of the world. Self-denouncing and complimentary stories and jokes come from within the group as a means of survival and as Freud claimed, to acquire control of their humor by doing it before and better than non-Jews (Morris). During the holocaust Jewish humor was very much a defense mechanism used as a means of sur

Factors behind Malysias economic boom

Factors behind Malysias economic boom Malaysia is a country endowed with rich resources, possesses well-developed infrastructure and is socio-politically stable. Malaysia has achieved fairly impressive economic success since 1970. Before 1969, Malaysia underwent poverty, unemployment and inter-ethnic economic imbalances caused by colonialism and then by the laissez-faire policies after Independence (Gomez Jomo 1999). From a poverty-stricken country that relies on agriculture and raw materials(rubber and tin exports) as nations economic source, Malaysia has now advance to an export-oriented industrialisation stimulated by technology intensive, knowledge based and capital intensive industries. Malaysia a multicultural country comprised of the 3 dominant ethnic group, Malay(50.4%), Chinese (23.7%) and Indian(7.1%) with an approximate population of 28 million, she is able to maintain economic advance within social unity (CIA World Factbook, 2010). Hence, in appreciative of Malaysias economic success in a sustained multicult ural unison, this essay will provide an overview on the government efforts in moving Malaysias dependence on low-income agricultural sector to export-oriented industrialisation (EOI) as well as attracting lucrative foreign direct investments (FDI). To address these, this essay will be divided into four sections. The first section will present a short account of indicators on Malaysias real GDP and poverty incidence. The second section, divided into subsections, will illustrates the major factors behind Malaysias economic boom in industrialisation and FDI since 1970, primarily through government intervention. The third section will attempt to evaluate Malaysias future economic challenges of how distributive policies may have hindered Malaysias future economic growth. The last section of the essay suggests recommendations on Malaysias approach in sustaining and improving economic growth. MALAYSIAS REAL GDP AND POVERTY INCIDENCE Graph 1 shows the real GDP growth and inflation in percentage of Malaysias economy. Based on the graph, the real growth rate averaged 7.8 per cent per annum during the 1970s but slowed to 6.9% during 1980 fell negative 1 percent in 1985, with better macroeconomic policies and market-based reforms, the Malaysian economy resumed rapid growth in 1987. Over the nine years to 1997, the average growth of GDP accelerates to over 8 per cent. Overall, Malaysias averaged 6.5 per cent of real GDP from 1971 to 2009 is a considerably impressive figure by developing country standards. The inflation rate although highest in 1974 at 17.4 per cent, the inflation has been kept relatively low after the first oil shock, averaging below 4 per cent from 1975 to 2009. Although unemployment rate was relatively higher for the first 2 decade during the implementation of NEP, it averages below 4 percent during the implementation of New Development Policy (NDP) and National Vision Policy (NVP). Graph 2 illustrates the incidence of poverty in Malaysia from 1970 to 1999. The total poverty of incidence shows a declining pattern up to 1997 but the rate moved up slightly in response to the Asian Financial Crisis. 85,900 households poverty in urban areas was reduced to 57,100 in 1993 whereas rural poverty reduced from 791,800 households to 268,200 in 1993. The large decrease in poverty incidence was a result from the growth in the economy, which created job opportunities in the non-traditional sectors (Zin ). FACTORS BEHIND MALAYSIAS ECONOMIC GROWTH Implementation of NEP (1971-1990) One of the major factors that boost Malaysias economic growth was the implementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP) from 1971-1990. According to Athukurola, at independence, native Malays accounted for 52% of the population and dominated politics but were relatively poor as involved mostly in low-productive agricultural activities(Barlow, 2001). However, the ethnic Chinese comprising 37% of the population enjoyed greater economic strength and dominated the most modern sector activities(Barlow, 2001). Of the 49 per cent of household in peninsular that received an income below the poverty line, 88 percent were found in the rural areas. Farmers made up 48 per cent and 30 per cent were farm or estate labourers. (Cho, 1990 p.68) Hence, the NEP prime objectives were to attain national harmony and inter-racial economic parity by eradicating poverty irrespective of race and to eliminate the association of race with economic role by reforming the society (Gomez Jomo, 1999, p. 24). For the former, the overall development plan was reformulated with emphasis on EOI, and development program on rural and urban areas (Menon 2008). The latters objective called for greater government intervention mainly on ethnic affirmative action, which includes accelerating expansion of the Malay middle class, accumulating Malay ownership of share capital in limited companies and producing Malay entrepreneurs (Gomez). In conjunction with the NEP, the main aim of the First Malaysia Plan (1996-70) was to promote agricultural and industrial activities so as to diversify the economy and create employment. Accordingly, the focus was on labour-intensive import and export substitution(). Hence, to achieve these goals, part of the NEP aimed at changing the employment patterns in the urban areas to reflect the racial composition of the country, and increasing Bumiputera equity in corporate ownerships from 2% in 1970 to 30% by 1990 (Menon). In order to achieve the restructuring objective, th e government established a large number of public enterprises such as Petronas(National Oil Corporation), Malaysian Airline System (MAS), and the Heavy Industries Corporation of Malaysia(HICOM) as well as trust agencies such as National Equity Corporation(PNB) and Amanah Saham Nasional (ASN) (Toh, 1989). Emphasis on EOI Industrialisation appears to be the key sector that led to economic growth in Malaysia. The export coefficient (total merchandise exports as a percentage of GDP) of around 50% in 1965 1880 increased modestly during the 1970s slowed in the first half of the 1980s and rose sharply from about 1987( Athukurola). The ratio was 96% in the mid-1990s. Malaysias export coefficient was the third largest in the developing world in the decade up to the late 1990s coming after the 170 percent of Singapore and 140 percent of Hong Kong. During the 1970s increasing commodities prices were a major determinant of high growth rates. (Africa). The fast-growing manufacturing industry became known as the engine of growth to the country (rasiah rajah). Based on table above, manufacturing sector contributed constant growth rates to the GDP throughout the years and during the NEP period, the percentage rose from a mere 13.9 percent to a substantial share of 27 percent. The Second Malaysia Plan (1971-75) paid much attention to EOI, in addition to increased direct government participation in commercial and industrial activities which signalled a drastic departure from the earlier practice. Structural changes in the Malaysian economy are also reflected in the changing pattern of sectoral employment, with the contribution of agriculture to employment declining from 53.5 per cent in 1970 to 15.2 per cent in 1997 and that of manufacturing rising from 8.7 per cent to 27.5 per cent over the same period (Table 2). Under the Third Malaysia Plan (1976-80), resource-based industries were given a boost, thanks primarily to the discovery of oil and gas. Education and training in the field of industrial engineering were given much emphasis, to relieve shortage of skilled manpower.Among some of the efforts that drove EOI was the opening of Free Trade Zones and licensed manufacturing warehouses in 1972(Jomo,p. 119) The main task of the Fourth Malaysia Plan (1981-85) was to boost productivity, expand the industrial base and modernise the services sector. In addition, small-scale industries were promoted through the provision of training and financing facilities. The Malaysian government had a heavy hand in the launching of the ambitious heavy industrialisation programme in the early 1980s. The establishment of Heavy Industries Corporation of Malaysia (HICOM) was a strong manifestation of direct government involvement in the countrys industrial development. To both deepen the industrial structure and extend the into high value industries, formed HICOM, a series of heavy and chemical firms in sectors such as steel, cement, automobiles,chemicals, and paper and pulp(Ritchie p.749) Apparently, the policy decision in favour of heavy industrialisation was inspired by the Korean model of industrial development based on the practice of picking winners. In fact, the First Industrial Master Plan (1985-95) had Korean fingerprints all over. The Malaysian heavy industries have been in trouble, saddled with high production costs, heavy debts, market glut and excess capacity. They are simply uncompetitive. They could not have survived, had it not been for state patronage and strong protection. Contribution of FDI to Malaysias Economy Foreign direct investment(FDI) also contributed largely to Malaysias economy. A large number of empirical studies on the role of FDI in host countries suggest that FDI is an important source of capital, complements domestic private investment, is usually associated with new job opportunities and enhancement of technology transfer, and boosts overall economic growth in host countries(Karimi Yusop). To attract a larger inflow of FDI, the government introduced more liberal incentives including allowing a larger percentage of foreign equity ownership in enterprise under the Promotion of Investment Act (PIA), 1986. This effort resulted in a large inflow of FDI after 1987(the inflow of FDI grew at an annual average rate of 38.7 percent between 1986 and 1996). The major areas of investment by foreign companies are in sectors such as electronics and electrical products, chemicals and chemical products, basic metal products, non-metallic mineral products, food manufacturing, plastic products , and scientific and measuring equipment.(Ministry of Finance, 2001). Apart from these policy factors, it is generally believed that sound macroeconomic management, sustained economic growth, and the presence of a well functioning financial system have made Malaysia an attractive prospect for FDI. (Ministry of Finance, 2001). Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been seen as a key driver underlying the strong growth performance experienced by the Malaysian economy. Policy reforms, including the introduction of the Investment Incentives Act 1968, the establishment of FTZs in the early 1970s, and the provision of export incentives alongside the acceleration of open policy in the 1980s, led to a surge of FDI in the late 1980s. WHERE FROM HERE? In determining the future of Malaysia, the government has implemented the National Vision Policy (NVP) First we need to be independent. Local market too protected by the government. Proton. CamPro CONCLUSION To sum up, the economic growth was mainly a result of government outward-oriented policy stance government redistributive policies The profile of the Malaysian economy has changed radically since 1970. It is no longer dependent on a few primary commodities. Its production base has broadened, with manufacturing accounting for a growing share of national output and employment. The Malaysian economy has become more open and outward looking over the years.

How does the author make Lennie a sympathetic character? Essay

In â€Å"Of Mice and Men† John Steinback makes Lennie a sympathetic character by his description of his character as well as his physical appearance. Lennie is also revealed by the author through the other charactersà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ perceptions of him and how Lennie interacts with them. Lennie’s attitude and actions are not the same towards all the characters in the story. He gets along well with some of the characters in the story and with some he doesn’t. The first impression the reader gets of Lennie is ironically his size. He is described as â€Å"opposite† to George with â€Å"†¦a huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide sloping shoulders and he walked heavily†. But we are contradicted in this. John Stienbeck uses descriptions of animals to describe Lennie. When he drinks water from the pool his action is described as â€Å"snorting into the water like a horse†. When he moves and walks he is described as a â€Å"bear† when it drags its paws. He is described by John Steinbeck as a very simple character who has the innocence of a small boy who doesn’t know how much harm he is doing to the rat or in Lennie’s case to Curley’s wife. When Lennie and George are on their way to the ranch, Lennie shows his innocence when he says â€Å"I won’t get in no trouble, George. I ain’t gonna say a word†. After he kills the mouse, he says â€Å"I wasn’t doin anything wrong with it, George. Jus’ strokin’ it.† From the first part of the story when the autor gives us the physical description of Lennie, we see Lennie is a gentle giant whose strength is way far out ways his brain. Although Lennie is described as being immensely strong and physically big, his actions reveal a gentle, friendly person underneath. He has a very soft character because whenever Lennie makes George angry, he gets upset like a small child. Steinbeck describes his actions as those of a â€Å"a terrier†, he says this when he refuses to bring the mouse to George, he is like a â€Å"a terrier who doesn’t want to bring a ball back to its master†. He is also described as â€Å"a bull† and like â€Å"a sheep†. â€Å"Lennie covered his face with his paws and bleated with terror†. Another example of when he acts like an animal is when he â€Å"growls back to his seat†. When we read that he is cuddling the pup, it tells us how much me loves animals and when he kills it he doesn’t kill the animal on purpose because he doesn’t know how strong he is, When he doesn’t know his own strength â€Å"I was only petting it. Another occasion is when Lennie crushes Curley’s hand and then later on he says, â€Å"I didn’t wanta hurt him†. At one point he acts like a child who gets attracted to things he likes, for example- the pup and Curley’s wife’s hair when she asks him to move his hand over it. When he likes something, he sticks to it and doesn’t leave it because he doesn’t know how much harm he is doing to it. So, Lennie is a friendly person who doesn’t understand how strong he is or the consequences of his strength. Therefore, Lennie is described as a simple person who has low intelligence but also a very strong person. Another consequense of his simplicity is that he depends on George to help and guide him over small things. He needs George to take care of his work permit. Lennie cannot differentiate between things which are right and wrong and needs George to help him with that. For example, Lennie doesn’t realise that Curley’s wife is a seductive woman and he often speaks to her. But he stops speaking to her after George tells him that â€Å"Don’t you even take a look at that bitch. I don’t care what she says and what she does†¦.but I never seen no piece of jailbait worse tan her.† He makes him understand that and tells him not to speak to her. He makes him realise that she isn’t the right type of woman to talk to. Another consequence is when Lennie is drinking water from the pool and is told off by George to not to drink from it. He says because â€Å"its scummy†. He treats him like a child and needs to be told every moment to what to do and what not to do like when he drinks the water from the pool, George tells him â€Å"You gonna be sick like you was last night†. This tells us how much care George has for him because if Lennie falls sick and if he dies, then there wouldn’t be anyone for George to be with as during the Great Depression, the ranchers used to be alone without any friends. George didn’t want that to happen. Due to Lennie’s lack of intelligence the other farm hands treat him differently and sometimes, Curley’s case, crudly. He doesn’t get along very well with all the members of the farm, for example with Curley and his wife. Curley hated him from the first time because â€Å"He hates big guys†. When Lennie crushes Curley’s hand, we are pleased that, in Lennie’s grasp â€Å"Curley was flopping like a fish on a line,† but Steinbeck does not write fairy tales where good triumphs and evil is punished. In the cruel reality of life,it is Lennie who will be destroyed and Curley who will continue to torment anyone who threatens his ego. The same thing is also with Curley’s wife because he wants to obey to what George told and he tells her â€Å"I ain’t supposed to talk to you†. Slim describes him â€Å"Lennie’s jes’ like a kid. There ain’t no more harm in him than a kid neither, except he is so strongâ₠¬ . This tells us that he is as harmless as a child and he can be harmful when it comes to situations where he cannot survive in a world of cruelty, selfishness and contempt. Throught the story, he is described as a sympathetic person in loving terms. When he says â€Å"he’s a nice fella. Guy don’t need no sense to be a nice fella†,it tells us that he enjoys the company of Lennie and he gets along well with him. He treats him and listens to him like a kid. Lennie always wants to be with someone. For example when George leaves him and goes to the bar, he cannot be by himself. The only person whom he knows who doesn’t go out is Crook because he is regarded as a â€Å"nigger† by the farm hands. The people in the farm regard him as that all black men are â€Å"crooks†. He is different from the other farm hands because the farm members treat him as an outcast as he is â€Å"black†. Therefore, from what I have read and analysed I can say that George stands as a father for Lennie as he takes care of him, serves him food, tells him the difference between right and wrong. As a consequence of all these factors, the final scene is heart breaking for the reader when George shoots Lennie. He himself chooses to shoot Lennie because a father would rather shoot his son himself rather than let anyone else shoot him. He tells Lennie to go over and tell him about the dream while he aims the gun behind him to shoot him. This is a very sad and controversial scene because Lennie is dreaming about having his own farm where he can tend his favorite animals like the rabbits, rats, etc whereas George goes through a very bad moment in which he has to shoot his best mate. Lennie himself doesn’t know that his best friend is going to shoot him.

Parenting Styles An Effective Parenting Style - 988 Words

Parenting style can influence whether a child succeeds or merely survives. The authoritative parenting style may be an effective parenting style in theory, however like communism, it is not as effective in practice. Children need to learn through friendships and develop social skills. Being able to connect to the outside world expand the mind and imagination, giving the children skills that help them think critically. On the other hand, being a permissive parent can also damage the child’s development. While letting the children succeed on their own, they provide the child with a lack of drive and motivation to achieve. In 1931, James Truslow Adams wrote, life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. Most Americans perceive a college education as a gateway to the American Dream. Collectively, with our current education system, to succeed means to get exemplary grades in school. And to get exemplary grades in school, you have to study harder than all the other kids. Statistically, parents who set high standards tend to have children who are more successful at school. As Amy Chua stated, â€Å"0% of the Chinese mothers believe that stressing academic success is not good for children.† The authoritative parenting seeks to set rules and guidelines that are in the best interest of the child. The rules are set to keep the child safe and to provide a gateway to the world. However, They make it clear that theyShow MoreRelatedParenting Styles : An Effective Method Of Parenting1597 Words   |  7 PagesParenting Styles In today’s society, many parenting methods make their way to the forefront of parenting styles. Among these methods includes tiger parenting, Western parenting, and helicopter parenting. All of these methods are commonly used, even though some of the techniques used may be seen as extreme. There is controversy over which parenting style is the most effective, or which results in the most successful children. As many people believe, helicopter parenting is an extremely effectiveRead MoreEssay on An Effective Parenting Style993 Words   |  4 Pageswrong. According to the Wikipedia, â€Å"Parenting style is a psychological construct representing standard strategies that parents use in their child rearing.† As parents use the technique to raise their children, they also shaped their value and personality. â€Å"Parenting style considers the balance between two aspects of parenting, namely, control, and warmth† (Ginsburg, Durbin, Garcias-Espana, Kalicka, and Winst on, p. 1041). The most commonly heard parenting styles are authoritative, authoritarian,Read More Effective Parenting-Early Development, Various Parenting Styles and Discipline1744 Words   |  7 Pages talk and underlying emotions such as love, trust and happiness. Oppositely parents may also teach their kids, often unknowing of the effects they are causing, distrust, anger, and contempt. Every parent parents differently using various methods, styles, and techniques. Though traditional nucleic family rolls are dying or reversing, maternal influences still tend to be more prominent than paternal influences during the early stages of development. To a young child mothers tend to be more nurturingRead MoreEvaluating the Most Effective Parenting Styles with Children for Positive Outcomes in the Home and Classroom2221 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Most Effective Parenting Styles with Children for Positive Outcomes in the Home and Classroom. A parent is not only the mom who holds you close for nine months and then many years, or the dad who plays baseball with you, but also someone who is there from the start, guiding you to the right path of knowledge and teaching you how to stay on the right path on your own. For years psychologists have defined ways to correctly support a child to adulthood. Some people conclude parenting their childrenRead MoreEvaluating the Most Effective Parenting Styles with Children: Positive Outcomes in the Home and Classroom. Regina Struga Holy Family University 1754 Words   |  8 PagesEvaluating the Most Effective Parenting Styles with Children: Positive Outcomes in the Home and Classroom. A parent is not only the loving mother who holds you close to her for nine months and then many years, or the father who plays baseball with you and intimidates his daughter’s dates. It is someone who is there for you from the start, guiding you to the right path of knowledge and teaching you how to stay on the right path independently. A parent does not need to have any biological associationsRead MoreParenting Styles And Its Effect On Children Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pageson how we were raised, or how we raise-or plan on raising-our own children. With this said it is undeniable that parenting styles and their effectiveness vary. In research, parenting styles have been split into four categories the authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and the uninvolved. Within these categories, researches have attempted to map the effectiveness of parenting styles and the positive and negative outcomes of each. Despite the eclectic and commonly erratic nature of family structuresRea d MorePersuasive Speech : Developing Your Parenting Style900 Words   |  4 PagesDeveloping Your Parenting Style General Purpose: Persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade people to use a certain kind of parenting style when they have children. Thesis: The authoritative parenting style is the most effective style for producing children that have desirable traits, such as good morals, obedience, compassion and responsibility. Introduction Attention Getter: My nine year old sister went out for volleyball this year. She learned very fast that she hated serving the ball across theRead MoreParenting Styles And Styles Of Parenting1391 Words   |  6 Pages Parenting Styles My term paper will discuss the 4 Styles of Parenting, including; the styles of parenting that we as single parents and couple parents may identify with. My paper will also discuss how each parenting styles impacts our children, if it works and the style of parenting that’s most effective. Authoritative Parenting Style The Authoritative Style of Parenting, children are expected to follow the rules and guidelines that a parent with this style of parenting has put into place. ThisRead MoreDisciplining Children: Parenting Styles Essay1214 Words   |  5 Pages Parenting can be described as the most rewarding aspect of a person’s life, or the worst. Parenting is not always about correcting a child’s behavior, it is about moral harmony. The way parents discipline their own children has a lot to do with the way their child matures throughout his or her own life. Ultimately, it is about a parent raising their children in the best way they see fit; creating a legacy. Some of the many factors that determine a child’s ultimate outcome include: the types of parentingRead MoreLiterature Review- Parenting Styles and Child Development1737 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract A parenting style is a method or type of parenting which directly and indirectly influences the development of the child. Developmental psychologists study the physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, emotional and personality growth and development that occurs throughout a lifetime. The purpose of this research was to identify how specific parenting styles positively and negatively correlate with behaviors in children, how they affect children, and what methods of parenting could